ЭШ-ний өгүүлэл
Abstract
This paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a set of semi-industrialized export-oriented economies in which women provide the bulk of labor in the export sector. The primary hypothesis tested is that gender inequality which contributes to women's relatively lower wages was a stimulus to growth via the effect on exports during 1975-95. Empirical analysis shows that GDP growth is positively related to gender wage inequality in contrast to recent work which suggests that income inequality slows growth. Evidence also indicates that part of the impact of gender wage inequality on growth is transmitted through its positive effect on investment as a share of GDP.
Abstract
A change in the audition procedures of symphony orchestras—adoption of “blind” auditions with a “screen” to conceal the candidate’s identity from the jury—provides a test for sex-biased hiring. Using data from actual auditions, in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen increases the probability a woman will be advanced and hired. Although some of our estimates have large standard errors and there is one persistent effect in the opposite direction, the weight of the evidence suggests that the blind audition procedure fostered impartiality in hiring and increased the proportion women in symphony orchestras.
Abstract
The modern economic role of women emerged in four phases. The first three were evolutionary; the last was revolutionary. Phase I occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s; Phase II was from 1930 to 1950; Phase III extended from 1950 to the late 1970s; and Phase IV, the "quiet revolution," began in the late 1970s and is still ongoing. Three aspects of women's choices distinguish the evolutionary from the revolutionary phases: horizon, identity, and decision-making. The evolutionary phases are apparent in time-series data on labor force participation.
Abstract
There is now widespread recognition of the need to integrate macroeconomic policy and social policy, but the mainstream approach is one of adding on social policy. We argue for a transformatory approach which would mainstream gender-equitable social policy within macroeconomic policy. We identify three interlinked biases which prevent this from happening: deflationary bias, “male breadwinner bias” and commodification bias. We illustrate a transformatory approach with the example of the Canadian Alternative Federal Budget. We argue that a social dialogue is necessary for the formulation of such alternatives.
Abstract
Social attitudes toward women vary significantly across societies. This chapter reviews recent empirical research on various historical determinants of contemporary differences in gender roles and gender gaps across societies, and how these differences are transmitted from parents to children and therefore persist until today. We review work on the historical origin of differences in female labor force participation, fertility, education, marriage arrangements, competitive attitudes, domestic violence, and other forms of difference in gender norms.
- The Impact of Gender Composition on Team Performance and Decision-Making: Evidence from the Field
- The gender wage gap in Mongolia: Sectoral segregation as a driving factor
- Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments?
- Gender Equity and Globalization Macroeconomic Policy for Developing Countries