ЭШ-ний өгүүлэл
Abstract
How should ‘‘care’’ be defined and measured in ways that enhance our understanding of the impact of economic development on women? This paper addresses this question, suggesting several possible approaches to the development of indices that would measure gender differences in responsibility for the financial and temporal care of dependents.
Abstract
This article explains why care work often imposes a financial penalty that contributes to gender inequality. The work of caring for others—whether unpaid or paid—often involves more personal connection, emotional attachment and moral commitment than other forms of work. It creates public as well as private benefits, and its value is difficult to measure. All these factors put care providers at an economic disadvantage.
Abstract
In many countries, aged or rapidly aging populations are threatening the sustainability of fiscal institutions, including conventional tax design and pay-as-you-go pensions, and the efficacy of conventional macroeconomic policies and, thus, require timely structural reforms.
Meanwhile, in countries with younger populations, population aging compounds the disruptions linked to technological diffusion, rising inequality, high economic informality, and rapid regional migration and makes forward-looking policy development difficult. These countries must then actively pursue measures to establish a financing base for improved social protection and enhance macroeconomic integrity.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide, forced schools to suspend classes, workers to work from home, many to lose their livelihoods, and countless businesses to close. Throughout this crisis, families have had to protect, comfort and care for their children, their elderly and other members. While the pandemic has greatly intensified family care responsibilities for families, unpaid care work has been a primary activity of families even in normal times. This paper estimates the future global need for caregiving, and the burden of that need that typically falls on families, especially women.
Abstract
We examine the relative pay of occupations involving care, such as teaching, counseling, providing health services, or supervising children. We use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth covering workers between 17 and 35 years of age. Care work pays less than other occupations after controlling for the education and employment experience of the workers, many occupation and industry characteristics, and (via individual fixed effects) unmeasured, stable characteristics of those who hold the jobs. Both men and women in care work pay this relative wage penalty. However, more women than men pay the penalty, since more women than men do this kind of work.