ЭШ-ний өгүүлэл
This paper proposes a dynamic structural model of labour market and childcare choices for couples within a collective model of decision making. We formalise explicitly the need for childcare as a function of the age structure of the children population in the household then examine the determinants of the decision to supply labour. The fraction of homeproduced childcare to household childcare needs is considered to be a public good within the household, for which preferences are heterogeneous across households. An important feature of our framework, which introduces one of the dynamic dimensions of the decision, is that we take into account the implications of today’s labour supply decision on future wage growth and future bargaining power. The decision to leave (partially or not) the labour market is often taken within a couple but, in the event of divorce, the impact of this decision may not be borne by both parties equally, which may render the initial decision inefficient. Using data from the BHPS, we then present a structural estimation of our model to quantify these various components of the choice of home childcare vs. labour supply. We are able to quantify each household’s sensitivity to potential childcare policies and find that a large part of the dispersion in these responses comes from households’ valuation of home-produced childcare.
JEL Classification: J12, J13, J22, J31, J38
Keywords: household, labour supply, collective model, childcare, commitment
In this paper, we use twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female labor
force participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong
relationship between the gender wage gap and the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty
is smallest in countries with small gender wage gaps. Both cross- and within-country
relationships between motherhood penalty and gender wage gap remain strong and negative even
when we condition on per-capita GDP and educational attainment. Our estimates suggest that a
reduction of 1-percentage-point in the gender wage gap is associated with a decrease of 0.45–
0.65 percentage-points in the estimated motherhood employment penalty.
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Keywords: Child penalty, female labor supply, family size, gender wage gap, twin birth
JEF Classification: J13, J16, J18, J22
Using detailed data from a unique survey of high school graduates in Germany, we
document a gender gap in expected full-time earnings of more than 15%. We apply a
regression-compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and find that especially differences
in coefficients help explain the gap. In particular, the effects of having time for family as
career motive and being first-generation college student are associated with large penalties
in female wage expectations exclusively. This is especially true for higher expected career
paths. Resulting expected returns to education are associated with college enrollment of
women and could thus entrench subsequent gaps in realized earnings.
JEL Classification: I26, J31, D84
Keywords: wage expectations, gender gap, college enrollment
This paper presents a global data-based analysis of women’s representation in local government, use of legislated quotas and types of electoral systems in local elections, contributing to a more comprehensive view of women’s political participation and a shift in the global narrative from national to local decision-making power, a less known but critical level of governance....
COVID-19 may be gender blind, but it is not gender neutral. Emerging evidence shows tremendous gender disparities in the health and
socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic, with a disproportionately negative impact on women’s livelihoods, unpaid care work burden,
mental health, and subjection to gender-based violence.
- PROGRESS ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS THE GENDER SNAPSHOT 2022
- Assessing the gendered employment impacts of COVID-19 and supporting a gender-responsive recovery: A country-level policy tool
- IMPROVING THE COLLECTION AND USE OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATA ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
- ЖЕНДЭРИЙН МЭДРЭМЖТЭЙ ТӨСӨВЛӨЛТИЙН ГАРЫН АВЛАГА 2020